|
|
Cite this paper: |
|
|
Kai LIU, Shan GAO, Fan WANG. Deviation of the Lagrangian particle tracing method in the evaluation of the Southern Hemisphere annual subduction rate[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2022, 40(3): 891-906 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deviation of the Lagrangian particle tracing method in the evaluation of the Southern Hemisphere annual subduction rate |
|
| Kai LIU1,2,3, Shan GAO1,2,3,4, Fan WANG1,2,3,4 |
|
1 Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
2 Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
4 China Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China |
|
| Abstract: |
| The classical Lagrangian particle tracing method is widely used in the evaluation of the ocean annual subduction rate. However, our analysis indicates that in addition to neglecting the effect of mixing, there are two possible deviations in the method: one is an overestimation due to not considering that the amount of subducted water at the source location may be inadequate during the late winter of the first year when the mixed layer becomes shallow; the other one is an underestimation due to the neglect of the effective subduction caused by strong vertical pumping. Quantitative analysis shows that these two deviations mainly exist in the low-latitude subduction areas of the South Pacific and South Atlantic. The two deviations have very similar distribution areas and can partially offset each other. However, the overall deviation is still large, and the maximum relative deviation ratio can reach 50%; therefore, it cannot be ignored. |
|
| Key words:
subduction rate|Lagrangian particle tracing method|mixed layer|tropical water|eastern subtropical mode water
|
|
| Received: 2021-03-25 Revised: |
|
|
|
|
References:
Cerovečki I, Giglio D.2016.North Pacific subtropical mode water volume decrease in 2006-09 estimated from Argo observations:influence of surface formation and basinscale oceanic variability.Journal of Climate, 29(6):2177-2199.
Cerovečki I, Hendershott M C, Yulaeva E.2019.Strong North Pacific subtropical mode water volume and density decrease in year 1999.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 124(9):6617-6631.
Cushman-Roisin B.1987.Dynamics of the oceanic surface mixed layer.In:Muller P, Henderson D eds.Proceedings of the ‘Aha Huliko’a, Hawaiian Winter Workshop.Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, Hawaii.p.181-196.
Da Costa M V, Mercier H, Treguier A M.2005.Effects of the mixed layer time variability on kinematic subduction rate diagnostics.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 35(4):427-443.
De Boyer Montégut C, Madec G, Fischer A S, Lazar A, Iudicone D.2004.Mixed layer depth over the global ocean:an examination of profile data and a profile-based climatology.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 109(C2):C12003.
De Szoeke R A.1980.On the effects of horizontal variability of wind stress on the dynamics of the ocean mixed layer.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 10(9):1439-1454.
Downes S M, Bindoff N L, Rintoul S R.2010.Changes in the subduction of southern ocean water masses at the end of the twenty-first century in eight IPCC models.Journal of Climate, 23(24):6526-6541.
Fukumori I, Lee T, Cheng B, Menemenlis D.2004.The origin, pathway, and destination of Niño-3 water estimated by a simulated passive tracer and its adjoint.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 34(3):582-604.
Gao L B, Rintoul S R, Yu W D.2018.Recent wind-driven change in Subantarctic Mode Water and its impact on ocean heat storage.Nature Climate Change, 8(1):58-63.
Gao S, Qu T D, Fukumori I.2011.Effects of mixing on the subduction of South Pacific waters identified by a simulated passive tracer and its adjoint.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 51(1-2):45-54.
Häkkinen S.1999.Variability of the simulated meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic for the period 1951-1993.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 104(C5):10991-11007.
Huang R X.1990.On the three-dimensional structure of the wind-driven circulation in the North Atlantic.Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans, 15(1-2):117-159.
Iselin C O D.1939.The influence of vertical and lateral turbulence on the characteristics of the waters at middepths.Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 20(3):414-417.
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Zhu Y, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Higgins W, Janowiak J, Mo K C, Ropelewski C, Wang J, Leetmaa A, Reynolds R, Jenne R, Joseph D.1996.The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3):437-472.
Kara A B, Rochford P A, Hurlburt H E.2000.An optimal definition for ocean mixed layer depth.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 105(C7):16803-16821.
Karstensen J, Quadfasel D.2002.Formation of southern hemisphere thermocline waters:water mass conversion and subduction.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 32(11):3020-3038.
Kleeman R, McCreary Jr J P, Klinger B A.1999.A mechanism for generating ENSO decadal variability.Geophysical Research Letters, 26(12):1743-1746.
Kobashi F, Nakano T, Iwasaka N, Ogata T.2021.Decadalscale variability of the North Pacific subtropical mode water and its influence on the pycnocline observed along 137°E.Journal of Oceanography, 77(3):487-503, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-020-00579-x.
Levitus S.1983.Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean.US Government Printing Office, Washington.
Lindstrom E, Lukas R, Fine R, Firing E, Godfrey S, Meyers G, Tsuchiya M.1987.The Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation study.Nature, 330(6148):533-537.
Liu C Y, Wu L X.2012.An intensification trend of South Pacific mode water subduction rates over the 20th century.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 117(C7):C07009.
Liu L L, Huang R X, Wang F.2016.Subduction/obduction rate in the North Pacific diagnosed by an eddy-resolving model.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 34(4):835-846.
Liu L L, Huang R X, Wang F.2018.Ventilation of a monsoondominated ocean:subduction and obduction in the North Indian Ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 123(7):4449-4463.
Liu L L, Huang R X, Wang F.2020.Ventilation in the South China Sea:subduction versus obduction.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers, 158:103227.
Liu L L, Huang R X.2012.The global subduction/obduction rates:their interannual and decadal variability.Journal of Climate, 25(4):1096-1115.
Lukas R, Lindstrom E.1991.The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 96(S01):3343-3357.
Luyten J R, Pedlosky J, Stommel H.1983.The ventilated thermocline.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13(2):292-309.
McCreary Jr J P, Lu P.1994.Interaction between the subtropical and equatorial ocean circulations:the subtropical cell.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 24(2):466-497.
Mill G N, De Moraes Paiva A.2013.Subduction of South Atlantic subtropical mode waters.Brazilian Journal of Geophysics, 31(3):495-505.
Monterey G, Levitus S.1997.Seasonal Variability of Mixed Layer Depth for the World Ocean.US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Nie X W, Gao S, Wang F, Qu T D.2016.Subduction of North Pacific Tropical Water and its equatorward pathways as shown by a simulated passive tracer.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 121(12):8770-8786.
Pedlosky J, Young W R.1983.Ventilation, potential-vorticity homogenization and the structure of the ocean circulation.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 13(11):2020-2037.
Piron A, Thierry V, Mercier H, Caniaux G.2016.Argo float observations of basin-scale deep convection in the Irminger Sea during winter 2011-2012.Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers, 109:76-90.
Qiu B, Huang R X.1995.Ventilation of the North Atlantic and North Pacific:subduction versus obduction.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25(10):2374-2390.
Qu T D, Gao S, Fine R A.2020.Variability of the sub-Antarctic mode water subduction rate during the Argo period.Geophysical Research Letters, 47(13):e2020GL088248.
Qu T D, Gao S, Fukumori I, Fine R A, Lindstrom E J.2008.Subduction of South Pacific waters.Geophysical Research Letters, 35(2):L02610.
Qu T D, Gao S.2017.Resurfacing of South Pacific tropical water in the Equatorial Pacific and its variability associated with ENSO.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 47(5):1095-1106.
Schott F A, Dengler M, Brandt P, Affler K, Fischer J, Bourlès B, Gouriou Y, Molinari R L, Rhein M.2003.The zonal currents and transports at 35°W in the tropical Atlantic.Geophysical Research Letters, 30(7):1349.
Sprintall J, Tomczak M.1992.Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the tropics.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 97(C5):7305-7316.
Stommel H.1979.Determination of water mass properties of water pumped down from the Ekman layer to the geostrophic flow below.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 76(7):3051-3055.
Tsubouchi T, Suga T, Hanawa K.2016.Comparison study of subtropical mode waters in the world ocean.Frontiers in Marine Science, 3:270.
Weijer W, Sloyan B M, Maltrud M E, Jeffery N, Hecht M W, Hartin C A, Van Sebille E, Wainer I, Landrum L.2012.The Southern Ocean and its climate in CCSM4.Journal of Climate, 25(5):2652-2675.
Williams R G, Marshall J C, Spall M A.1995.Does Stommel's mixed layer "Demon" work? Journal of Physical Oceanography, 25(15):3089-3102.
Wong A P S, Johnson G C.2003.South Pacific eastern subtropical mode water.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33(7):1493-1509.
Zhang D X, McPhaden M J, Johns W E.2003.Observational evidence for flow between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic:The Atlantic subtropical cells.Journal of Physical Oceanography, 33(8):1783-1797.
|
|
|
|