Cite this paper:
Yuan HE, Songdong SHEN, Dachun YU, Yehua WANG, Jiao YIN, Zongling WANG, YuantuYE. The Ulva prolifera genome reveals the mechanism of green tides[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2021, 39(4): 1458-1470

The Ulva prolifera genome reveals the mechanism of green tides

Yuan HE1, Songdong SHEN1, Dachun YU1, Yehua WANG1, Jiao YIN1, Zongling WANG2, YuantuYE1
1 Institute of Aquaculture, College of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
2 First Institute of Oceanography(FIO), Ministry of Natural Resources(MNR), Qingdao 266100, China
Abstract:
The genome of green microalgae has rarely been reported. Ulva prolifera is a green microalga that has received much attention. Despite research articles about U. prolifera in recent years, we know very little about its genome. Therefore, the 87.9-Mb haploid genome (containing 10 311 protein-coding genes) of U. prolifera was studied, and the genome was compared with that of U. mutabilis, which is the only published Ulva species. Results showed that the two species are closely related. A phylogenetic tree was constructed among U. prolifera and other green algae available in GenBank, revealing the evolutionary status of U. prolifera in Chlorophyta. To understand why U. prolifera could grow rapidly, we identified some genes related to growth, such as those involved in cell division, phosphorylation, and cell proliferation. In addition, genes related to stress resistance were found, which supports the notion that U. prolifera grows vigorously in nature. These results help to characterize green tides from a new perspective and reveal some important insight into the biology of U. prolifera.
Key words:    Ulva prolifera|genome|fast grow|evolution   
Received: 2020-05-29   Revised: 2020-07-22
Tools
PDF (966 KB) Free
Print this page
Add to favorites
Email this article to others
Authors
Articles by Yuan HE
Articles by Songdong SHEN
Articles by Dachun YU
Articles by Yehua WANG
Articles by Jiao YIN
Articles by Zongling WANG
Articles by YuantuYE
References:
Ben Ali A, De Baere R, De Wachte R, Van de Peer Y. 2002. Evolutionary relationships among heterokont algae (the autotrophic stramenopiles) based on combined analyses of small and large subunit ribosomal RNA. Protist, 153(2):123-132.
Blanc G, Agarkova I, Grimwood J, Kuo A, Brueggeman A, Dunigan D D, Gurnon J, Ladunga I, Lindquist E, Lucas S, Pangilinan J, Pröschold T, Salamov A, Schmutz J, Weeks D, Yamada T, Lomsadze A, Borodovsky M, Claverie J M, Grigoriev I V, Van Etten J L. 2012. The genome of the polar eukaryotic microalga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea reveals traits of cold adaptation. Genome Biology, 13(5):R39.
Blanc G, Duncan G, Agarkova I, Borodovsky M, Gurnon J, Kuo A, Lindquist E, Lucas S, Pangilinan J, Polle J, Salamov A, Terry A, Yamada T, Dunigan D A, Grigoriev I V, Claverie J M, van Etten J L. 2010. The Chlorella variabilis NC64A genome reveals adaptation to photosymbiosis, coevolution with viruses, and cryptic sex. Plant Cell, 22(9):2 943-2 955.
Bogen C, Al-Dilaimi A, Albersmeier A, Wichmann J, Grundmann M, Rupp O, Lauersen K J, Blifernez-Klassen O, Kalinowski J, Goesmann A, Mussgnug J H, Kruse O. 2013. Reconstruction of the lipid metabolism for the microalga Monoraphidium neglectum from its genome sequence reveals characteristics suitable for biofuel production. BMC Genomics, 14(1):926.
Bowler C, Allen A E, Badger J H, Grimwood J, Jabbari K, Kuo A, Maheswari U, Martens C, Maumus F, Otillar R P, Rayko E, Salamov A, Vandepoele K, Beszteri B, Gruber A, Heijde M, Katinka M, Mock T, Valentin K, Verret F, Berges J A, Brownlee C, Cadoret J P, Chiovitti A, Choi C J, Coesel S, De Martino A, Detter J C, Durkin C, Falciatore A, Fournet J, Haruta M, Huysman M J J, Jenkins B D, Jiroutova K, Jorgensen R E, Joubert Y, Kaplan A, Kröger N, Kroth P G, La Roche J, Lindquist E, Lommer M, Martin-Jézéquel V, Lopez P J, Lucas S, Mangogna M, McGinnis K, Medlin L K, Montsant A, Oudot-Le Secq M P, Napoli C, Obornik M, Parker M S, Petit J L, Porcel B M, Poulsen N, Robison M, Rychlewski L, Rynearson T A, Schmutz J, Shapiro H, Siaut M, Stanley M, Sussman M R, Taylor A R, Vardi A, von Dassow P, Vyverman W, Willis A, Wyrwicz L S, Rokhsar D S, Weissenbach J, Armbrust E V, Green B R, Van de Peer Y, Grigoriev I V. 2008. The Phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes. Nature, 456(7219):239-244.
Brawley S H, Blouin N A, Ficko-Blean E, Wheeler G L, Lohr M, Goodson H V, Jenkins J W, Blaby-Haas C E, Helliwell K E, Chan C X, Marriage T N, Bhattacharya D, Klein A S, Badis Y, Brodie J, Cao Y Y, Collén J, Dittami S M, Gachon C M M, Green B R, Karpowicz S J, Kim J W, Kudahl U J, Lin S J, Michel G, Mittag M, Olson B J S C, Pangilinan J L, Peng Y, Qiu H, Shu S Q, Singer J T, Smith A G, Sprecher B N, Wagner V, Wang W F, Wang Z Y, Yan J Y, Yarish C, Zäuner-Riek S, Zhuang Y Y, Zou Y, Lindquist E A, Grimwood J, Barry K W, Rokhsar D S, Schmutz J, Stiller J W, Grossman A R, Prochnik S E. 2017. Insights into the red algae and eukaryotic evolution from the genome of Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(31):E6 361-E6 370.
Buchfink B, Xie C, Huson D H. 2015. Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND. Nature Methods, 12(1):59-60.
Chen N, Guo S J, Meng Q W. 2005. Relationship between plant chilling tolerance and membrane lipidscomposition and its advances in researches on molecular biology. Biotechnology Information, (2):6-9. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Chin C S, Peluso P, Sedlazeck F J, Nattestad M, Concepcion G T, Clum A, Dunn C, O'Malley R, Figueroa-Balderas R, Morales-Cruz A, Cramer G R, Delledonne M, Luo C Y, Ecker J R, Cantu D, Rank D R, Schatz M C. 2016. Phased diploid genome assembly with single-molecule real-time sequencing. Nature Methods, 13(12):1 050-1 054.
Cock J M, Sterck L, Rouzé P, Scornet D, Allen A E, Amoutzias G, Anthouard V, Artiguenave F, Aury J M, Badger J H, Beszteri B, Billiau K, Bonnet E, Bothwell J H, Bowler C, Boyen C, Brownlee C, Carrano C J, Charrier B, Cho G Y, Coelho S M, Collén J, Corre E, Da Silva C, Delage L, Delaroque N, Dittami S M, Doulbeau S, Elias M, Farnham G, Gachon C M M, Gschloessl B, Heesch S, Jabbari K, Jubin C, Kawai H, Kimura K, Kloareg B, Küpper F C, Lang D, Le Bail A, Leblanc C, Lerouge P, Lohr M, Lopez P J, Martens C, Maumus F, Michel G, Miranda-Saavedra D, Morales J, Moreau H, Motomura T, Nagasato C, Napoli C A, Nelson D R, Nyvall-Collén P, Peters A F, Pommier C, Potin P, Poulain J, Quesneville H, Read B, Rensing S A, Ritter A, Rousvoal S, Samanta M, Samson G, Schroeder D C, Ségurens B, Strittmatter M, Tonon T, Tregear J W, Valentin K, von Dassow P, Yamagishi T, Van de Peer Y, Wincker P. 2010. The Ectocarpus genome and the independent evolution of multicellularity in brown algae. Nature, 465(7298):617-621.
Cohen P. 1976. The regulation of protein function by multisite phosphorylation. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 1(2):38-40.
Collén J, Porcel B, Carré W, Ball S G, Chaparro C, Tonon T, Barbeyron T, Michel G, Noel B, Valentin K, Elias M, Artiguenave F, Arun A, Aury J M, Barbosa-Neto J F, Bothwell J H, Bouget F Y, Brillet L, Cabello-Hurtado F, Capella-Gutiérrez S, Charrier B, Cladière L, Cock J M, Coelho S M, Colleoni C, Czjzek M, Da Silva C, Delage L, Denoeud F, Deschamps P, Dittami S M, Gabaldón T, Gachon C M M, Groisillier A, Hervé C, Jabbari K, Katinka M, Kloareg B, Kowalczyk N, Labadie K, Leblanc C, Lopez P J, McLachlan D H, Meslet-Cladiere L, Moustafa A, Nehr Z, Collén P N, Panaud O, Partensky F, Poulain J, Rensing S A, Rousvoal S, Samson G, Symeonidi A, Weissenbach J, Zambounis A, Wincker P, Boyen C. 2013. Genome structure and metabolic features in the red seaweed Chondrus crispus shed light on evolution of the Archaeplastida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(13):5 247-5 252.
Curtis B A, Tanifuji G, Burki F, Gruber A, Irimia M, Maruyama S, Arias M C, Ball S G, Gile G H, Hirakawa Y, Hopkins J F, Kuo A, Rensing S A, Schmutz J, Symeonidi A, Elias M, Eveleigh R J M, Herman E K, Klute M J, Nakayama T, Oborník M, Reyes-Prieto A, Armbrust E V, Aves S J, Beiko R G, Coutinho P, Dacks J B, Durnford D G, Fast N M, Green B R, Grisdale C J, Hempel F, Henrissat B, Höppner M P, Ishida K I, Kim E, Kořený L, Kroth P G, Liu Y, Malik S B, Maier U G, McRose D, Mock T, Neilson J A D, Onodera N T, Poole A M, Pritham E J, Richards T A, Rocap G, Roy S W, Sarai C, Schaack S, Shirato S, Slamovits C H, Spencer D F, Suzuki S, Worden A Z, Zauner S, Barry K, Bell C, Bharti A K, Crow J A, Grimwood J, Kramer R, Lindquist E, Lucas S, Salamov A, McFadden G I, Lane C E, Keeling P J, Gray M W, Grigoriev I V, Archibald J M. 2012. Algal genomes reveal evolutionary mosaicism and the fate of nucleomorphs. Nature, 492(7427):59-65.
De Clerck O, Kao S M, Bogaert K A, Blomme J, Foflonker F, Kwantes M, Vancaester E, Vanderstraeten L, Aydogdu E, Boesger J, Califano G, Charrier B, Clewes R, Del Cortona A, D'Hondt S, Fernandez-Pozo N, Gachon C M, Hanikenne M, Lattermann L, Leliaert F, Liu X J, Maggs C A, Popper Z A, Raven J A, Van Bel M, Wilhelmsson P K I, Bhattacharya D, Coates J C, Rensing S A, Van Der Straeten D, Vardi A, Sterck L, Vandepoele K, Van de Peer Y, Wichard T, Bothwell J H. 2018. Insights into the evolution of multicellularity from the sea Lettuce genome. Current Biology, 28(18):2 921-2 933.e5.
Derelle E, Ferraz C, Rombauts S, Rouzé P, Worden A Z, Robbens S, Partensky F, Degroeve S, Echeynié S, Cooke R, Saeys Y, Wuyts J, Jabbari K, Bowler C, Panaud O, Piégu B, Ball S G, Ral J P, Bouget F Y, Piganeau G, De Baets B, Picard A, Delseny M, Demaille J, Van de Peer Y, Moreau H. 2006. Genome analysis of the smallest freeliving eukaryote Ostreococcus tauri unveils many unique features. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(31):11 647-11 652.
Du X M, Yin W X, Zhao Y X, Zhang H. 2001. The production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in plants. Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, 17(2):121-125. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Fan J H, Xu H, Li Y G. 2016. Transcriptome-based global analysis of gene expression in response to carbon dioxide deprivation in the green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Algal Research, 16:12-19.
Fleurence J, Gutbier G, Mabeau S, Leray C. 1994. Fatty acids from 11 marine macroalgae of the French Brittany coast. Journal of Applied Phycology, 6(5-6):527-532.
Gao G, Zhong Z H, Zhou X H, Xu J T. 2016. Changes in morphological plasticity of Ulva prolifera under different environmental conditions:a laboratory experiment. Harmful Algae, 59:51-58.
Gao S, Chen X Y, Yi Q Q, Wang G C, Pan G H, Lin A P, Peng G. 2010. A strategy for the proliferation of Ulva prolifera, main causative species of green tides, with formation of sporangia by fragmentation. PLoS One, 5(1):e8571.
Hanschen E R, Marriage T N, Ferris P J, Hamaji T, Toyoda A, Fujiyama A, Neme R, Noguchi H, Minakuchi Y, Suzuki M, Kawai-Toyooka H, Smith D R, Sparks H, Anderson J, Bakarić R, Luria V, Karger A, Kirschner M W, Durand P M, Michod R E, Nozaki H, Olson B J S C. 2016. The Gonium pectorale genome demonstrates co-option of cell cycle regulation during the evolution of multicellularity. Nature Communications, 7:11 370.
Herron M D, Desnitskiy A G, Michod R E. 2010. Evolution of developmental programs in volvox (Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology, 46(2):316-324.
Hunter T. 2007. The age of crosstalk:phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and beyond. Molecular Cell, 28(5):730-738.
John P C L, Mews M, Moore R. 2001. Cyclin/Cdk complexes:their involvement in cell cycle progression and mitotic division. Protoplasma, 216(3-4):119-142.
Joubès J, Chevalier C, Dudits D, Heberle-Bors E, Inzé D, Umeda M, Renaudin J P. 2000. CDK-related protein kinases in plants. Plant Molecular Biology, 43(5):607-620.
Lagesen K, Hallin P, Rødland E A, Stærfeldt H H, Rognes T, Ussery D W. 2007. RNAmmer:consistent and rapid annotation of ribosomal RNA genes. Nucleic Acids Research, 35(9):3 100-3 108.
Liu G, Wang D M. 2006. The role of the plant cytoskeleton in defensing invading pathogens. Chinese Journal of Cell Biology, 28(3):437-441. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Matsuzaki M, Misumi O, Shin-I T, Maruyama S, Takahara M, Miyagishima S Y, Mori T, Nishida K, Yagisawa F, Nishida K, Yoshida Y, Nishimura Y, Nakao S, Kobayashi T, Momoyama Y, Higashiyama T, Minoda A, Sano M, Nomoto H, Oishi K, Hayashi H, Ohta F, Nishizaka S, Haga S, Miura S, Morishita T, Kabeya Y, Terasawa K, Suzuki Y, Ishii Y, Asakawa S, Takano H, Ohta N, Kuroiwa H, Tanaka K, Shimizu N, Sugano S, Sato N, Nozaki H, Ogasawara N, Kohara Y, Kuroiwa T. 2004. Genome sequence of the ultrasmall unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D. Nature, 428(6983):653-657.
Merchant S S, Prochnik S E, Vallon O, Harris E H, Karpowicz S J, Witman G B, Terry A, Salamov A, Fritz-Laylin L K, Maréchal-Drouard L, Marshall W F, Qu L H, Nelson D R, Sanderfoot A A, Spalding M H, Kapitonov V V, Ren Q H, Ferris P, Lindquist E, Shapiro H, Lucas S M, Grimwood J, Schmutz J, Cardol P, Cerutti H, Chanfreau G, Chen C L, Cognat V, Croft M T, Dent R, Dutcher S, Fernández E, Fukuzawa H, González-Ballester D, González-Halphen D, Hallmann A, Hanikenne M, Hippler M, Inwood W, Jabbari K, Kalanon M, Kuras R, Lefebvre P A, Lemaire S D, Lobanov A V, Lohr M, Manuell A, Meier I, Mets L, Mittag M, Mittelmeier T, Moroney J V, Moseley J, Napoli C, Nedelcu A M, Niyogi K, Novoselov S V, Paulsen I T, Pazour G, Purton S, Ral J P, Riaño-Pachón D M, Riekhof W, Rymarquis L, Schroda M, Stern D, Umen J, Willows R, Wilson N, Zimmer S L, Allmer J, Balk J, Bisova K, Chen C J, Elias M, Gendler K, Hauser C, Lamb M R, Ledford H, Long J C, Minagawa J, Page M D, Pan J M, Pootakham W, Roje S, Rose A, Stahlberg E, Terauchi A M, Yang P F, Ball S, Bowler C, Dieckmann C L, Gladyshev V N, Green P, Jorgensen R, Mayfield S, Mueller-Roeber B, Rajamani S, Sayre R T, Brokstein P, Dubchak I, Goodstein D, Hornick L, Huang Y W, Jhaveri J, Luo Y G, Martínez D, Ngau W C A, Otillar B, Poliakov A, Porter A, Szajkowski L, Werner G, Zhou K M, Grigoriev I V, Rokhsar D S, Grossman A R. 2007. The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions. Science, 318(5848):245-250.
Mine I, Menzel D, Okuda K. 2008. Morphogenesis in giantcelled algae. International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, 266:37-83.
Mock T, Samanta M P, Iverson V, Berthiaume C, Robison M, Holtermann K, Durkin C, BonDurant S S, Richmond K, Rodesch M, Kallas T, Huttlin E L, Cerrina F, Sussman M R, Armbrust E V. 2008. Whole-genome expression profiling of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana identifies genes involved in silicon bioprocesses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(5):1 579-1 584.
Nakamura Y, Sasaki N, Kobayashi M, Ojima N, Yasuike M, Shigenobu Y, Satomi M, Fukuma Y, Shiwaku K, Tsujimoto A, Kobayashi T, Nakayama I, Ito F, Nakajima K, Sano M, Wada T, Kuhara S, Inouye K, Gojobori T, Ikeo K. 2013. The first symbiont-free genome sequence of marine red alga, Susabi-nori (Pyropia yezoensis). PLoS One, 8(3):e57122.
Nishitsuji K, Arimoto A, Iwai K, Sudo Y, Hisata K, Fujie M, Arakaki N, Kushiro T, Konishi T, Shinzato C, Satoh N, Shoguchi E. 2016. A draft genome of the brown alga, Cladosiphon okamuranus, S-strain:a platform for future studies of "mozuku" biology. DNA Research, 23(6):561-570.
Ota S, Oshima K, Yamazaki T, Kim S, Yu Z, Yoshihara M, Takeda K, Takeshita T, Hirata A, Bišová K, Zachleder V, Hattori M, Kawano S. 2016. Highly efficient lipid production in the green alga Parachlorella kessleri:draft genome and transcriptome endorsed by whole-cell 3D ultrastructure. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 9(1):13.
Palenik B, Grimwood J, Aerts A, Rouzé P, Salamov A, Putnam N, Dupont C, Jorgensen R, Derelle E, Rombauts S, Zhou K M, Otillar R, Merchant S S, Podell S, Gaasterland T, Napoli C, Gendler K, Manuell A, Tai V, Vallon O, Piganeau G, Jancek S, Heijde M, Jabbari K, Bowler C, Lohr M, Robbens S, Werner G, Dubchak I, Pazour G J, Ren Q H, Paulsen I, Delwiche C, Schmutz J, Rokhsar D, Van de Peer Y, Moreau H, Grigoriev I V. 2007. The tiny eukaryote Ostreococcus provides genomic insights into the paradox of plankton speciation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(18):7 705-7 710.
Polle J E W, Barry K, Cushman J, Schmutz J, Tran D, Hathwaik L T, Yim W C, Jenkins J, McKie-Krisberg Z, Prochnik S, Lindquist E, Dockter R B, Adam C, Molina H, Bunkenborg J, Jin E, Buchheim M, Magnuson J. 2017. Draft nuclear genome sequence of the Halophilic and beta-caroteneaccumulating green alga Dunaliella salina strain CCAP19/18. Genome Announcements, 5(43):e01105-17.
Prochnik S E, Umen J, Nedelcu A M, Hallmann A, Miller S M, Nishii I, Ferris P, Kuo A, Mitros T, Fritz-Laylin L K, Hellsten U, Chapman J, Simakov O, Rensing S A, Terry A, Pangilinan J, Kapitonov V, Jurka J, Salamov A, Shapiro H, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Lindquistz E, Lucas S, Grigoriev I V, Schmitt R, Kirk D, Rokhsar D S. 2010. Genomic analysis of organismal complexity in the multicellular green alga Volvox carteri. Science, 329(5988):223-226.
Saxena I, Srikanth S, Chen Z. 2016. Cross talk between H2O2 and interacting signal molecules under plant stress response. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7:570.
Schattner P, Brooks A N, Lowe T M. 2005. The tRNAscan-SE, snoscan and snoGPS web servers for the detection of tRNAs and snoRNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 33(S2):W686-W689.
Sies H. 1993. Strategies of antioxidant defense. European Journal of Biochemistry, 215(2):213-219.
Simão F A, Waterhouse R M, Ioannidis P, Kriventseva E V, Zdobnov E M. 2015. BUSCO:assessing genome assembly and annotation completeness with single-copy orthologs. Bioinformatics, 31(19):3 210-3 212.
Stanke M, Steinkamp R, Waack S, Morgenstern B. 2004. AUGUSTUS:a web server for gene finding in eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Research, 32(S2):W309-W312.
Tan I H, Blomster J, Hansen G, Leskinen E, Maggs C A, Mann D G, Sluiman H J, Stanhope M J. 1999. Molecular phylogenetic evidence for a reversible morphogenetic switch controlling the gross morphology of two common genera of green seaweeds, Ulva and Enteromorpha. Molecular Biology & Evolution, 16(8):1 011-1 018.
Temporini C, Calleri E, Massolini G, Caccialanza G. 2008. Integrated analytical strategies for the study of phosphorylation and glycosylation in proteins. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 27(3):207-23.
Wickstead B, Ersfeld K, Gull K. 2003. The mitotic stability of the minichromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology, 132(2):97-100.
Worden A Z, Lee J H, Mock T, Rouzé P, Simmons M P, Aerts A L, Allen A E, Cuvelier M L, Derelle E, Everett M V, Foulon E, Grimwood J, Gundlach H, Henrissat B, Napoli C, McDonald S M, Parker M S, Rombauts S, Salamov A, Von Dassow P, Badger J H, Coutinho P M, Demir E, Dubchak I, Gentemann C, Eikrem W, Gready J E, John U, Lanier W, Lindquist E A, Lucas S, Mayer K F X, Moreau H, Not F, Otillar R, Panaud O, Pangilinan J, Paulsen I, Piegu B, Poliakov A, Robbens S, Schmutz J, Toulza E, Wyss T, Zelensky S, Zhou K M, Armbrust E V, Bhattacharya D, Goodenough U W, Van de Peer Y, Grigoriev I V. 2009. Green evolution and dynamic adaptations revealed by genomes of the marine picoeukaryotes Micromonas. Science, 324(5924):268-272.
Wu H L, Gao G, Zhong Z H, Li X S, Xu J T. 2018. Physiological acclimation of the green tidal alga Ulva prolifera to a fastchanging environment. Marine Environmental Research, 137:1-7.
Xu D L, Huang X C, Yang W G, Wu D, Cao W Q. 2003. Analysis of nutrition composition of Enteromorpha prolifera. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University (Natural Science), 22(4):318-320. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang X J. 2005. Multisite protein modification and intramolecular signaling. Oncogene, 24(10):1 653-1 662.
Ye N H, Zhang X W, Miao M, Fan X, Zheng Y, Xu D, Wang J F, Zhou L, Wang D S, Gao Y, Wang Y T, Shi W Y, Ji P F, Li D M, Guan Z, Shao C W, Zhuang Z M, Gao Z Q, Qi J, Zhao F Q. 2015. Saccharina genomes provide novel insight into kelp biology. Nature Communications, 6(1):6 986-6 996.
Zelko I N, Mariani T J, Folz R J. 2002. Superoxide dismutase multigene family:a comparison of the CuZn-SOD (SOD1), Mn-SOD (SOD2), and EC-SOD (SOD3) gene structures, evolution, and expression. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 33(3):337-349.
Zhang K S, Tian H L. 2007. Research and function of catalase in organism. Food Science & Technology, 32(1):8-11. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Copyright © Haiyang Xuebao