Cite this paper:
Xiukai SONG, Yanzhen GU, Fangguo ZHAI, Peiliang LI, Pengxia LIU, Zizhou LIU, Wenfan WU, Yaozu CHEN, Xiangyang JIANG, Jianlong HE. Climatology and seasonal variability of satellite-derived chlorophyll a around the Shandong Peninsula[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2021, 39(4): 1222-1244

Climatology and seasonal variability of satellite-derived chlorophyll a around the Shandong Peninsula

Xiukai SONG1, Yanzhen GU2, Fangguo ZHAI2, Peiliang LI3,4, Pengxia LIU2, Zizhou LIU2, Wenfan WU2, Yaozu CHEN2, Xiangyang JIANG1, Jianlong HE1
1 Shandong Marine Resources and Environment Research Institute, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, China;
2 College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China;
3 Institute of Physical Oceanography and Remote Sensing, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China;
4 Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
Abstract:
The chlorophyll a (Chl a) is an important indicator of marine ecosystems. The spatiotemporal variation of the Chl a greatly affects the mariculture and marine ranching in coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula. In the current study, the climatology and seasonal variability of surface Chl-a concentration around the Shandong Peninsula are investigated based on 16 years (December 2002-November 2018) of satellite observations. The results indicate that the annual mean Chl-a concentration is greater in the Bohai Sea than in the Yellow Sea and decreases from coastal waters to offshore waters. The highest Chl-a concentrations are found in Laizhou Bay (4.2-8.0 mg/m3), Haizhou Bay (4.2-5.9 mg/m3) and the northeast coast of the Shandong Peninsula (4.4-5.0 mg/m3), resulting from the combined effects of the intense riverine input and long residence time caused by the concave shape of the coastline. The seasonal Chl-a concentration shows a significant spatial variation. The Chl-a concentrations in these three subregions generally exhibit an annual maximum in August/September, due to the combined effects of sea surface temperature, river discharge and sea surface wind. In the southeast coast region, however, the Chl-a concentration is lowest throughout the year and reaches a maximum in February with a minimum in July, forced by the seasonal evolution of the Yellow Sea Cold Water and monsoon winds. The interannual Chl-a concentration trends vary among regions and seasons. There are significant increasing trends over a large area around Haizhou Bay from winter to summer, which are mainly caused by the rising sea surface temperature and eutrophication. In other coastal areas, the Chl-a concentration shows decreasing trends, which are clearest in summer and induced by the weakening land rainfall. This study highlights the differences in the Chl-a dynamics among regions around the Shandong Peninsula and is helpful for further studies of coupled physical-ecological-human interactions at multiple scales.
Key words:    chlorophyll-a concentration|Shandong Peninsula|climatology|seasonal variability|Yellow Sea Cold Water   
Received: 2020-07-02   Revised: 2020-08-12
Tools
PDF (5405 KB) Free
Print this page
Add to favorites
Email this article to others
Authors
Articles by Xiukai SONG
Articles by Yanzhen GU
Articles by Fangguo ZHAI
Articles by Peiliang LI
Articles by Pengxia LIU
Articles by Zizhou LIU
Articles by Wenfan WU
Articles by Yaozu CHEN
Articles by Xiangyang JIANG
Articles by Jianlong HE
References:
Cai Y M, Ning X R, Liu Z L, Liu C G. 2002. Size-fractionated chlorophyll a, primary production and new production in Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China. Studia Marina Sinica, (44):1-10. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Campbell J W. 1995. The lognormal distribution as a model for bio-optical variability in the sea. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 100(C7):13 237-13 254.
Chen M Y, Xie P P, Janowiak J E, Arkin P A. 2002. Global land precipitation:a 50-yr monthly analysis based on gauge observations. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 3(3):249-266, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0249:GLPA YM>2.0.CO;2.
Cui T W, Zhang J, Groom S, Sun L, Smyth T, Sathyendranath S. 2010. Validation of MERIS ocean-color products in the Bohai Sea:a case study for turbid coastal waters. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(10):2 326-2 336, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.05.009.
Dong Z J, Liu D Y, Wang Y J, Di B P. 2019. Temporal and spatial variations of coastal water quality in Sishili Bay, northern Yellow Sea of China. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 22(1):30-39.
Donlon C J, Martin M, Stark J, Roberts-Jones J, Fiedler E, Wimmer W. 2012. The Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) system.Remote Sensing of Environment, 116:140-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.10.017.
Fang Y, Fang G H, Zhang Q H. 2000. Numerical simulation and dynamic study of the wintertime circulation of the Bohai Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 18(1):1-9, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02842535.
Field C B, Behrenfeld M J, Randerson J T, Falkowski P. 1998.Primary production of the biosphere:integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science, 281(5374):237-240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5374.237.
Frouin R, Lingner D W, Gautier C, Baker K S, Smith R C. 1989. A simple analytical formula to compute clear sky total and photosynthetically available solar irradiance at the ocean surface. Journal of Geophysical Research:Ocean, 94(C7):9 731-9 742, https://doi.org/10.1029/JC094iC07p09731.
Fu M Z, Wang Z L, Li Y, Li R X, Sun P, Wei X H, Lin X Z, Guo J S. 2009. Phytoplankton biomass size structure and its regulation in the Southern Yellow Sea (China):seasonal variability. Continental Shelf Research, 29(18):2 178-2 194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.08.010.
Fu M Z, Wang Z L, Pu X M, Xu Z J, Zhu M Y. 2012. Changes of nutrient concentrations and N:P:Si ratios and their possible impacts on the Huanghai Sea ecosystem. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 31(4):101-112, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-012-0224-x.
Gao H W, Wu D X, Bai J, Shi J H, Li Z Y, Jiang W S. 2003.Distributions of environmental parameters in Laizhou Bay in summer, 2000. Journal of Ocean University of Qingdao, 33(2):185-191. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Gao Y P, Yao P, Mi T Z, Chen H T, Zhang X Q, Yu Z G. 2011.Chlorophyll a and other environmental parameters in the Xiaoqing River Estuary, Laizhou Bay:spatial distributions and statistical analysis. Marine Sciences, 35(7):71-81. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Gong G C, Chang J, Chiang K P, Hsiung T M, Hung C C, Duan S W, Codispoti L A. 2006. Reduction of primary production and changing of nutrient ratio in the East China Sea:effect of the three gorges dam? Geophysical Research Letters, 33(7):L07610, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL025800.
Gong G C, Wen Y H, Wang B W, Liu G J. 2003. Seasonal variation of chlorophyll a concentration, primary production and environmental conditions in the subtropical East China Sea. Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 50(6-7):1 219-1 236.
Gregg W W, Conkright M E. 2002. Decadal changes in global ocean chlorophyll. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(15):1730, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014689.
Guo F, Liu S, Wang F F, Hou G H. 2016. Distribution of nutrients in the summer of Laizhou Bay and influence factors. Marine Geology Frontiers, 32(2):38-44. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Hao Y J, Tang D L, Yu L, Xing Q G. 2011. Nutrient and chlorophyll a anomaly in red-tide periods of 2003-2008 in Sishili Bay, China. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 29(3):664-673, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-011-0179-3.
He X Q, Bai Y, Pan D L, Tang J W, Wang D F. 2012.Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color imagery using the ultraviolet wavelength for highly turbid waters.Optics Express, 20(18):20 754-20 770, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.020754.
He X Q, Bai Y, Pan D, Chen C T A, Cheng Q, Wang D, Gong F. 2013. Satellite views of the seasonal and interannual variability of phytoplankton blooms in the eastern China seas over the past 14 yr (1998-2011). Biogeosciences, 10(7):4 721-4 739, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4721-2013.
Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P, Hirahara S, Hor�nyi A, Mu�oz-Sabater J, Nicolas J, Peubey C, Radu R, Schepers D, Simmons A, Soci C, Abdalla S, Abellan X, Balsamo G, Bechtold P, Biavati G, Bidlot J, Bonavita M, Chiara G, Dahlgren P, Dee D, Diamantakis M, Dragani R, Flemming J, Forbes R, Fuentes M, Geer A, Haimberger L, Healy S, Hogan R J, H�lm E, Janiskov� M, Keeley S, Laloyaux P, Lopez P, Lupu C, Radnoti G, Rosnay P, Rozum I, Vamborg F, Villaume S, Th�paut J N. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146(730):1 999-2 049, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.
Hu C M, Lee Z P, Franz B. 2012. Chlorophyll a algorithms for oligotrophic oceans:a novel approach based on threeband reflectance difference. Journal of Geophysical Research:Ocean, 117(C1):C01011.
Huang H, Li D P, Zhang Y, Zhang S. 2017. Effects of artificial reefs deployment on nutrients in the marine farming zone of Haizhou Bay. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 37(8):2 854-2 861. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Huang R H, Chen J L, Wang L, Lin Z D. 2012. Characteristics, processes, and causes of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian Monsoon System. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 29(5):910-942, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2015-x.
Jiang H C, Wang Y J, Li J H, Tao H M, Bai Y Y, Su B, Liu D Y. 2018. Annual variation and spatial distribution of nutrients in the Laizhou Bay. Marine Science Bulletin, 37(4):411-423. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Li B, Gu W L, Jin Y, Ma Y Q, Bai Y Y, Sun S, Wang W J, Liu X J. 2012. Distribution of chlorophyll-a and primary productivity in Yantai Sishili Bay. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 33(2):19-23. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Li H M, Zhang C S, Han X R, Shi X Y. 2015. Changes in concentrations of oxygen, dissolved nitrogen, phosphate, and silicate in the southern Yellow Sea, 1980-2012:sources and seaward gradients. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 163:44-55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.12.013.
Li Z Q, Li X, Sun L Y, Liu Z Z, Gu Y Z, Zhai F G, Li P L. 2019.Analysis of the temporal variations of dissolved oxygen concentration in seawater in the bottom of the Liugong Island marine pasture. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 50(1):86-99. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Lin C, Ning X R, Su J, Lin Y, Xu B. 2005. Environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems of the Yellow Sea during 1976-2000. Journal of Marine Systems, 55(3-4):223-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.08.001.
Liu C D, Guo X F, Tang Y L, Sheng H X, Huang L Y. 2015.Phytoplankton community composition and its relationship with environmental factors in the artificial reef area around the Qiansan Islets, Haizhou Bay. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 22(3):545-555. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu D Y, Wang Y Q. 2013. Trends of satellite derived chlorophyll-a (1997-2011) in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China:effects of bathymetry on seasonal and inter-annual patterns. Progress in Oceanography, 116:154-166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.003.
Liu S M, Li L W, Zhang Z N. 2011. Inventory of nutrients in the Bohai. Continental Shelf Research, 31(16):1 790-1 797, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.08.004.
Liu S, Zhang J M, Leng Y, Cui W L. 2013. Nutrient distribution characteristics and its annual variations in the vicinity waters of the Yellow River estuary. Marine Science Bulletin, 32(4):383-388. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu Y C, Liu Z Z, Gu Y Z, Li P L, Sun L Y, Zhai F G, Song H F, Li Z N, Wang Z Y, Jia N D, Qu L R, Gai Y Y. 2019.Feature research for temporal variability of the bottom water dissolved oxygen concentration in the marine ranch of Swan Lake, Weihai. Marine Sciences, 43(9):41-53. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Lv R H, Xia B, Li B H, Fei Z L. 1999. The fluctuations of primary productivity in Bohai Sea waters over ten years.Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas, 17(3):80-86. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Ma W D, Wang Q, Wu C Q, Yin S J, Xing Q G, Shi P. 2014.The chlorophyll-a distribution of Yantai coastal waters based on MODIS data. Environmental Monitoring in China, 30(5):149-154. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Mann M E. 2004. On smoothing potentially non-stationary climate time series. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(7):L07214.
Naimie C E, Blain C A, Lynch D R. 2001. Seasonal mean circulation in the Yellow Sea-a model-generated climatology. Continental Shelf Research, 21(6-7):667-695, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00102-3.
Ni X B, Huang D J, Zeng D Y, Zhang T, Li H L, Chen J F. 2016. The impact of wind mixing on the variation of bottom dissolved oxygen off the Changjiang Estuary during summer. Journal of Marine Systems, 154:122-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.11.010.
O'Reilly J E, Maritorena S, Mitchell B G, Siegel D A, Carder K L, Garver S A, Kahru M, McClain C. 1998. Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS. Journal of Geophysical Research:Ocean, 103(C11):24 937-24 953.
Qiao Y H, Feng J F, Cui S F, Zhu L. 2017. Long-term changes in nutrients, chlorophyll a and their relationships in a semi-enclosed eutrophic ecosystem, Bohai Bay, China.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 117(1-2):222-228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.002.
Qu B X, Song J M, Yuan H M, Li X G, Li N, Duan L Q, Chen X, Lu X. 2015. Summer carbonate chemistry dynamics in the Southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea:regional variations and controls. Continental Shelf Research, 111:250-261.
Qu H J, Kroeze C. 2010. Past and future trends in nutrients export by rivers to the coastal waters of China. Science of the Total Environment, 408(9):2 075-2 086, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.12.015.
Ren C Y, Wang Z M, Zhang Y Z, Zhang B, Chen L, Xi Y B, Xiao X M, Doughty R B, Liu M Y, Jia M M, Mao D H, Song K S. 2019. Rapid expansion of coastal aquaculture ponds in China from Landsat observations during 1984-2016. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 82:101902, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.101902.
Ren L L, Wang M R, Li C H, Zhang W. 2002. Impacts of human activity on river runoff in the northern area of China. Journal of Hydrology, 261(1-4):204-217, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00008-2.
Reynolds R W, Smith T M, Liu C Y, Chelton D B, Casey K S, Schlax M G. 2007. Daily high-resolution-blended analyses for sea surface temperature. Journal of Climate, 20(22):5 473-5 496.
Shan Z X, Zheng Z H, Xing H Y, Liu X J, Liu X B, Liu Y H. 2000. Study on eutrophication in Laizhou Bay of Bohai.Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, (2):41-46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Shen C Y, Shi P, Zhao H. 2014. Spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of chlorophyll a and the controlling factors in the Sishili Bay of Yantai. Marine Sciences, 38(9):33-38. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Shi W, Wang M H. 2010. Characterization of global ocean turbidity from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ocean color observations. Journal of Geophysical Research:Ocean, 115(C11):C11022.
Shi W, Wang M H. 2012a. Satellite views of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 104:30-45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.05.001.
Shi W, Wang M H. 2012b. Sea ice properties in the Bohai Sea measured by MODIS-Aqua:2. Study of sea ice seasonal and interannual variability. Journal of Marine Systems, 95:41-49.
Su J L. 1998. Circulation dynamics of the China Seas north of 18�N. In:Robinson A R, Brink K H eds. The Sea. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. p.483-505.
Su J L. 2001. A review of circulation dynamics of the coastal oceans near China. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 23(4):1-16. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Su M, Yang Y. 2018. Evolution of district marine policies in China:the case of Shandong Province. Marine Policy, 89:124-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.12.028.
Sun J, Liu D Y, Chai X Y, Qian S B. 2002. The distribution of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in the Laizhou Bay and estuary of the Weihe River in summer.Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 24(5):81-90. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Sun X R, Shen F, Brewin R J W, Liu D Y, Tang R G. 2019.Twenty-year variations in satellite-derived chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton size in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 124(12):8 887-8 912, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015552.
Wang B D, Wang X L, Zhan R. 2003. Nutrient conditions in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58(1):127-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00067-2.
Wang H J, Wu X, Bi N S, Li S, Yuan P, Wang A M, Syvitski J P M, Saito Y, Yang Z S, Liu S M, Nittrouer J. 2017.Impacts of the dam-orientated water-sediment regulation scheme on the lower reaches and delta of the Yellow River(Huanghe):a review. Global and Planetary Change, 157:93-113.
Wang J, Li H Z. 2002. Study on chlorophyll and primary production in inshore waters of the Bohai Sea. Marine Fisheries Research, 23(1):23-28. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang X Y, Liu Z Z, Gu Y Z, Zhai F G, Sun L Y, Song H F, Li Z N, Wang Z Y, Jia N D. 2020. Study on the temporal variation of bottom water dissolved oxygen concentration in the Xigang marine ranch. Marine Sciences, 44(9):9-20.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wang Y J, Liu D Y, Dong Z J, Di B P, Shen X H. 2012. Temporal and spatial distributions of nutrients under the influence of human activities in Sishili Bay, northern Yellow Sea of China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(12):2 708-2 719, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.09.024.
Wang Y Q, Gao Z Q. 2020. Contrasting chlorophyll-a seasonal patterns between nearshore and offshore waters in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China:a new analysis using improved satellite data. Continental Shelf Research, 203:104173.
Wang Y Q, Liu D Y, Wang Y J, Gao Z Q, Keesing J K. 2019.Evaluation of standard and regional satellite chlorophylla algorithms for moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China:a comparison of chlorophyll-a magnitude and seasonality. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40(13):4 980-4 995.
Wei H, Sun J, Moll A, Zhao L. 2004. Phytoplankton dynamics in the Bohai Sea-observations and modelling. Journal of Marine Systems, 44(3-4):233-251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.09.012.
Wei Q S, Wang B D, Chen J F, Xia C S, Qu D P, Xie L P. 2015. Recognition on the forming-vanishing process and underlying mechanisms of the hypoxia off the Yangtze River estuary. Science China Earth Sciences, 58(4):628-648, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-014-5007-0.
Wei Q S, Wang B D, Yao Q Z, Xue L, Sun J C, Xin M, Yu Z G. 2019. Spatiotemporal variations in the summer hypoxia in the Bohai Sea (China) and controlling mechanisms.Marine Pollution Bulletin, 138:125-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.041.
Xin F Y, Ma S S, Cui Y, Chen B J, Chen J F, Zhou S L. 1997.Distribution of chlorophyll-a content and estimation of the primary productivity in Rushan Bay from June to September. Marine Fisheries Research, 18(2):32-38.
Xing Q G, Loisel H, Schmitt F G, Dessailly D, Hao Y J, Han Q Y, Shi P. 2012. Fluctuations of satellite-derived chlorophyll concentrations and optical indices at the Southern Yellow Sea. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 15(2):168-175, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2012.688480.
Yamaguchi H, Ishizaka J, Siswanto E, Son Y B, Yoo S, Kiyomoto Y. 2013. Seasonal and spring interannual variations in satellite-observed chlorophyll-a in the Yellow and East China Seas:new datasets with reduced interference from high concentration of resuspended sediment. Continental Shelf Research, 59:1-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2013.03.009.
Yamaguchi H, Kim H C, Son Y B, Okamura K, Kiyomoto Y, Ishizaka J. 2012. Seasonal and summer interannual variations of SeaWiFS chlorophyll a in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 105:22-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.04.004.
Yanagi T, Takahashi S. 1993. Seasonal variation of circulations in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. Journal of Oceanography, 49(5):503-520, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02237458.
Yang B, Gao X L. 2019. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter in summer in a coastal mariculture region of northern Shandong Peninsula, North Yellow Sea.Continental Shelf Research, 176:19-35.
Yoder J A, Kennelly M A. 2003. Seasonal and ENSO variability in global ocean phytoplankton chlorophyll derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17(4):1 112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GB001942.
Yu L, Hao Y J, Cai Y Y. 2009. Annual variation of nutrient and Chl a during HABs' periods in Sishili Bay. Marine Environmental Science, 28(5):558-561. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Yu Z G, Mi T Z, Xie B D, Yao Q Z, Zhang J. 2000. Changes of the environmental parameters and their relationship in recent twenty years in the Bohai Sea. Marine Environmental Science, 19(1):15-19. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zeng X M, He R Y, Xue Z, Wang H J, Wang Y, Yao Z G, Guan W B, Warrillow J. 2015. River-derived sediment suspension and transport in the Bohai, Yellow, and East China Seas:a preliminary modeling study. Continental Shelf Research, 111:112-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.08.015.
Zhai F G, Li P L, Gu Y Z, Li X, Chen D, Li L, Sun L Y, Liu Z Z, Jiang Q Y, Wu W F. 2020. Review of the research and application of the submarine cable online observation system. Marine Sciences, 44(8):14-28. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang C Y, Hu C M, Shang S L, M�ller-Karger F E, Li Y, Dai M H, Huang B Q, Ning X R, Hong H S. 2006. Bridging between SeaWiFS and MODIS for continuity of chlorophyll-a concentration assessments off Southeastern China. Remote Sensing of Environment, 102(3-4):250-263, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.015.
Zhang F, Li C L, Sun S, Wu Y L, Ren J P. 2009. Distribution patterns of chlorophyll a in spring and autumn in association with hydrological features in the southern Yellow Sea and northern East China Sea. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 27(4):784-792, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-009-9182-3.
Zhang H L, Qiu Z F, Sun D Y, Wang S Q, He Y J. 2017.Seasonal and interannual variability of satellite-derived chlorophyll-a (2000-2012) in the Bohai Sea, China.Remote Sensing, 9(6):582, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9060582.
Zhang J. 1996. Nutrient elements in large Chinese estuaries.Continental Shelf Research, 16(8):1 023-1 045, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(95)00055-0.
Zhang M W, Dong Q, Cui T W, Ding J. 2015. Remote sensing of spatiotemporal variation of apparent optical properties in Bohai Sea. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 8(3):1 176-1 184, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2014.2380785.
Zhang X X, Yao Q Z, Chen H T, Mi T Z, Tan J Q, Yu Z G. 2010. Seasonal variation and fluxes of nutrients in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 40(7):82-88. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang Z X, Qiao F L, Guo J S, Guo B H. 2018. Seasonal changes and driving forces of inflow and outflow through the Bohai Strait. Continental Shelf Research, 154:1-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.12.012.
Zhou F X, Gao X L, Zhuang W, Zhang J F, Li P M. 2015. The impact of rivers on the Chl a concentrations in coastal surface waters of the Laizhou Bay. Marine Environmental Science, 34(2):184-189.
Zhou F, Huang D J, Xue H J, Xuan J L, Yan T, Ni X B, Zeng D Y, Li J. 2017a. Circulations associated with cold pools in the Bohai Sea on the Chinese continental shelf.Continental Shelf Research, 137:25-38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.02.005.
Zhou F, Xuan J L, Huang D J, Liu C G, Sun J. 2013. The timing and the magnitude of spring phytoplankton blooms and their relationship with physical forcing in the central Yellow Sea in 2009. Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 97:4-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.05.001.
Zhou L M, Sun Y, Zhang H H, Yang G P. 2018. Distribution and characteristics of inorganic nutrients in the surface microlayer and subsurface water of the Bohai and Yellow Seas. Continental Shelf Research, 168:1-10.
Zhou Y L, Zhang C S, Shi X Y, Su R G. 2017b. Distribution characteristics of chlorophyll a and its influencing environmental factors in Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.China Environmental Science, 37(11):4 259-4 265. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu M Y, Mao X H, Lv R H, Sun M H. 1993. Chlorophyll a and primary productivity in the Yellow Sea. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas, 11(3):38-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Copyright © Haiyang Xuebao