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Cite this paper: |
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Shihong XU, Yanfeng WANG, Caixia GAO, Sarath BABU V, Jun LI, Qinghua LIU, Zhizhong XIAO, Yingxuan XU, Chunyan ZHAO, Li LIN, Liang CHI. Effects of dissolved oxygen on intestinal bacterial community and immunity of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2023, 41(1): 364-375 |
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Effects of dissolved oxygen on intestinal bacterial community and immunity of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar |
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| Shihong XU1,4, Yanfeng WANG4, Caixia GAO3, Sarath BABU V5,8, Jun LI4, Qinghua LIU4, Zhizhong XIAO4, Yingxuan XU6, Chunyan ZHAO7, Li LIN1,8, Liang CHI2 |
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1 Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
3 Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine Team, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS), Harbin 150069, China;
4 CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
5 Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China;
6 University College London, London WC1 E 6BT, United Kingdom;
7 School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;
8 Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China |
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| Abstract: |
| Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of most important factors which affect wide range physiologic features of fish, including immune responses and intestinal bacterial community. However, the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. To address this question, the intestinal bacterial community compositions and the immune features of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) grown in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) were characterized. Fish were reared under different DO saturation levels, e.g., 200% saturation named high group (H), 100% saturation named control group (CK), and 60% saturation named lower group (L). Large variations in the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) frequency distribution for the intestinal bacterial community of Atlantic salmon were observed. The intestinal bacterial community of all groups was dominated mainly by three phyla, e.g., Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. Interestingly, Acinetobacter baumannii, an opportunistic pathogen of salmon was increased significantly in L group. We further monitored the immunity features of fish under different DO levels. The results show that leucocyte number, cortisol level, the expressions of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain like protein 2 (NOD2) were higher at significant levels in the L group than those in the other two groups. TLR4 and NOD2 are usually related with the bacterial infections; therefore, it is reasonable to believe that the stronger immune responses observed in the L group might be related with the higher abundance of A. baumannii in the intestine of Atlantic salmon. Overall, these findings demonstrated that low DO level may induce stronger immunity responses in Atlantic salmon. |
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| Key words:
Atlantic salmon|dissolved oxygen (DO)|immune responses|microbiota|intestine
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| Received: 2021-10-31 Revised: |
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