Cite this paper:
Wenlong WANG, Dongdong DONG, Xiujuan WANG, Guangxu ZHANG. Three-stage tectonic subsidence and its implications for the evolution of conjugate margins of the southwest subbasin, South China Sea[J]. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2021, 39(5): 1854-1870

Three-stage tectonic subsidence and its implications for the evolution of conjugate margins of the southwest subbasin, South China Sea

Wenlong WANG1,3,4, Dongdong DONG1,2,4, Xiujuan WANG1,4, Guangxu ZHANG1,4
1 CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
2 Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China;
3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
4 Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
Abstract:
To reveal the tectonic characteristics of the continental margins in the southwest subbasin (SWB) of the South China Sea, a long high-resolution seismic profile was studied using empty basin subsidence. We find that tectonic subsidence features on both margins are uniformly divided into three stages:(1) slow subsidence from Tg to 18.5 Ma (synrift stage); (2) extremely slow subsidence/uplift from 18.5 to 16 Ma (spreading stage); and (3) accelerated subsidence from 16 to 0 Ma (post-spreading stage). This feature differs from the classic tectonic subsidence pattern of rifted basins, which exhibits fast subsidence during synrift stage and slow subsidence during the post-rift stage. The tectonic uplift occurred during the spreading stage and the magnitude increased from the continent to the ocean, which is likely related to mantle flow during seafloor spreading. We propose that lower crustal flow played a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the continental margins of the SWB. The lower crust of the SWB margins was warmer and therefore weaker, and more prone to flow beneath the faulting center, which compensated for the upper crustal thinning caused by brittle faulting during the synrift period and thus reduced the tectonic subsidence rate. During the spreading stage, faulting attenuated rapidly, and a necking zone appeared at the continentocean transition formed by lithospheric extension. With upwelling asthenosphere, small-scale secondary mantle convection occurred under the necking zone, which raised the continental margin isotherms and increased the buoyancy. Simultaneously, secondary mantle convection lifted the overriding crust, thus the overall subsidence rate decreased sharply or even reversed to uplift. After seafloor spreading, the effect of mantle convection faded away, and sediment loading drove the lower crust to flow landward. Thermal relaxation, lower crust flow, and vanish of secondary mantle convection together led to rapid subsidence in this stage.
Key words:    tectonic subsidence|lower crustal flow|tectonic evolution|southwest subbasin|South China Sea   
Received: 2020-07-07   Revised: 2020-08-24
Tools
PDF (4362 KB) Free
Print this page
Add to favorites
Email this article to others
Authors
Articles by Wenlong WANG
Articles by Dongdong DONG
Articles by Xiujuan WANG
Articles by Guangxu ZHANG
References:
Allen P A, Allen J R. 2013. Basin Analysis:Principles and Application to Petroleum Play Assessment. 3rd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., UK. 619p.
Andrews-Speed C P, Oxburgh E R, Cooper B A. 1764. Temperatures and depth-dependent heat flow in western North Sea. AAPG Bulletin, 68(11):1 764-1 781, https://doi.org/10.1306/AD461999-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D.
Bai Y L, Dong D D, Brune S, Wu S G, Wang Z J. 2019. Crustal stretching style variations in the northern margin of the South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 751:1-12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.12.012.
Bai Y L, Wu S G, Liu, Z, Müller R D, Williams S E, Zahirovic S, Dong D D. 2015. Full-fit reconstruction of the South China Sea conjugate margins. Tectonophysics, 661:121-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.08.028.
Barckhausen U, Engels M, Franke D, Ladage S, Pubellier M. 2014. Evolution of the South China Sea:revised ages for breakup and seafloor spreading. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58:599-611, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.02.022.
Braun J, Beaumont C. 1989. A physical explanation of the relation between flank uplifts and the breakup unconformity at rifted continental margins. Geology, 17(8):760-764, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0760:apeotr>2.3.co;2.
Briais A, Patriat P, Tapponnier P. 1993. Updated interpretation of magnetic anomalies and seafloor spreading stages in the South China Sea:implications for the Tertiary tectonics of Southeast Asia. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98(B4):6 299-6 328, https://doi.org/10.1029/92jb02280.
Brune J N, Ellis M A. 1997. Structural features in a brittleductile wax model of continental extension. Nature, 387(6628):67-70, https://doi.org/10.1038/387067a0.
Brune S, Heine C, Clift P D, Pérez-Gussinyé M. 2017. Rifted margin architecture and crustal rheology:reviewing Iberia-Newfoundland, Central South Atlantic, and South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 79:257-281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.10.018.
Cande S C, Kent D V. 1995. Revised calibration of the geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100(B4):6 093-6 095, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB03098.
Clift P D, Brune S, Quinteros J. 2015. Climate changes control offshore crustal structure at South China Sea continental margin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 420:66-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.03.032.
Cullen A B. 2010. Transverse segmentation of the BaramBalabac Basin, NW Borneo:refining the model of Borneo's tectonic evolution. Petroleum Geoscience, 16(1):3-29, https://doi.org/10.1144/1354-079309-828.
Deng H D, Ren J Y, Pang X, Rey P F, McClay K R, Watkinson I M, Zheng J Y, Luo P. 2020. South China Sea documents the transition from wide continental rift to continental break up. Nature Communications, 11:4 583, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18448-y.
Ding W W, Franke D, Li J B, Steuer S. 2013. Seismic stratigraphy and tectonic structure from a composite multi-channel seismic profile across the entire Dangerous Grounds, South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 582:162-176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.09.026.
Ding W W, Li J B, Dong C Z, Fang Y X. 2015. OligoceneMiocene carbonates in the Reed Bank area, South China Sea, and their tectono-sedimentary evolution. Marine Geophysical Research, 36(2-3):149-165, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-014-9237-5.
Dong D D, Wu S G, Li J B, Lüdmann T. 2014. Tectonic contrast between the conjugate margins of the South China Sea and the implication for the differential extensional model. Science China Earth Sciences, 57(6):1 415-1 426, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-013-4740-0.
Dong D D, Wu S G, Zhang G C, Yuan S Q. 2008. Rifting process and formation mechanisms of syn-rift stage prolongation in the deepwater basin, northern South China Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin, 53(23):3 715-3 725, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-008-0326-1.
Dong M, Wu S G, Zhang J, Xu X, Gao J W, Song T R. 2020. Lithospheric structure of the Southwest South China Sea:implications for rifting and extension. International Geology Review, 62(7-8):924-937, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2018.1539926.
Esedo R, van Wijk J, Coblentz D, Meyer R. 2012. Uplift prior to continental breakup:indication for removal of mantle lithosphere? Geosphere, 8(5):1 078-1 085, https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00748.1.
Fang P G, Ding W W, Fang Y X, Zhao Z X, Feng Z B. 2017. Cenozoic tectonic subsidence in the southern continental margin, South China Sea. Frontiers of Earth Science, 11(2):427-441, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707-016-0594-z.
Franke D, Barckhausen U, Baristeas N, Engels M, Ladage S, Lutz R, Montano J, Pellejera N, Ramos E G, Schnabel M. 2011. The continent-ocean transition at the southeastern margin of the South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 28(6):1 187-1 204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.01.004.
Franke D, Savva D, Pubellier M, Steuer S, Mouly B, Auxietre J L, Meresse F, Chamot-Rooke N. 2014. The final rifting evolution in the South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58:704-720, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.11.020.
Fyhn M B W, Boldreel L O, Nielsen L H, Giang T C, Nga L H, Hong N T M, Nguyen N D, Abatzis I. 2013. Carbonate platform growth and demise offshore Central Vietnam:effects of Early Miocene transgression and subsequent onshore uplift. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 76:152-168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.02.023.
Gao J W, Wu S G, McIntosh K, Mi L J, Yao B C, Chen Z M, Jia L K. 2015. The continent-ocean transition at the midnorthern margin of the South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 654:1-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.03.003.
Haq B U, Hardenbol J, Vail P R. 1987. Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic. Science, 235(4793):1 156-1 167, https://doi.org/10.1126/science. 235.4793.1156.
Hayes D E, Nissen S S. 2005. The South China Sea margins:implications for rifting contrasts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237(3-4):601-616, https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.epsl.2005.06.017.
Huchon P, Nguyen T N H, Chamot-Rooke N. 2001. Propagation of continental break-up in the southwestern South China Sea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 187(1):31-50, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2001.187. 01.03.
Huismans R, Beaumont C. 2011. Depth-dependent extension, two-stage breakup and cratonic underplating at rifted margins. Nature, 473(7345):74-78, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09988.
King S D, Anderson D L. 1998. Edge-driven convection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 160(3-4):289-296, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00089-2.
Larsen H C, Mohn G, Nirrengarten M, Sun Z, Stock J, Jian Z, Klaus A, Alvarez-Zarikian C A, Boaga J, Bowden S A, Briais A, Chen Y, Cukur D, Dadd K, Ding W, Dorais M, Ferré E C, Ferreira F, Furusawa A, Gewecke A, Hinojosa J, Höfig T W, Hsiung K H, Huang B, Huang E, Huang X L, Jiang S, Jin H, Johnson B G, Kurzawski R M, Lei C, Li B, Li L, Li Y, Lin J, Liu C, Liu C, Liu Z, Luna A J, Lupi C, McCarthy A, Ningthoujam L, Osono N, Peate D W, Persaud P, Qiu N, Robinson C, Satolli S, Sauermilch I, Schindlbeck J C, Skinner S, Straub S, Su X, Su C, Tian L, van der Zwan F M, Wan S, Wu H, Xiang R, Yadav R, Yi L, Yu P S, Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhao N, Zhong G, Zhong L. 2018. Rapid transition from continental breakup to igneous oceanic crust in the South China Sea. Nature Geoscience, 11(10):782-789, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0198-1.
Le Pourhiet L, Chamot-Rooke N, Delescluse M, May D A, Watremez L, Pubellier M. 2018. Continental break-up of the South China Sea stalled by far-field compression. Nature Geoscience, 11(8):605-609, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0178-5.
Lei C, Ren J Y, Sternai P, Fox M, Willett S, Xie X N, Clift P D, Liao J H, Wang Z F. 2015. Structure and sediment budget of Yinggehai-Song Hong basin, South China Sea:implications for Cenozoic tectonics and river basin reorganization in Southeast Asia. Tectonophysics, 655:177-190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.05.024.
Li C F, Xu X, Lin J, Sun Z, Zhu J, Yao Y J, Zhao X X, Liu Q S, Kulhanek D K, Wang J, Song T R, Zhao J F, Qiu N, Guan Y X, Zhou Z Y, Williams T, Bao R, Briais A, Brown E A, Chen Y F, Clift P D, Colwell F S, Dadd K A, Ding W W, Almeida I H, Huang X L, Hyun S, Jiang T, Koppers A A P, Li Q Y, Liu C L, Liu Z F, Nagai R H, Peleo-Alampay A, Su X, Tejada M L G, Trinh H S, Yeh Y C, Zhang C L, Zhang F, Zhang G L. 2014. Ages and magnetic structures of the South China Sea constrained by deep tow magnetic surveys and IODP expedition 349. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(12):4 958-4 983, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gc005567.
Li C F, Zhou Z Y, Li J B, Chen B, Geng J H. 2008. Magnetic zoning and seismic structure of the South China Sea ocean basin. Marine Geophysical Researches, 29(4):223-238, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-008-9059-4.
Li C F, Zhou Z Y, Li J B, Hao H J, Geng J H. 2007. Structures of the northeasternmost South China Sea continental margin and ocean basin:geophysical constraints and tectonic implications. Marine Geophysical Researches, 28(1):59-79, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-007-9014-9.
Li J B, Ding W W, Wu Z Y, Zhang J, Dong C Z. 2012. The propagation of seafloor spreading in the southwestern subbasin, South China Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57(24):3 182-3 191, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5329-2.
Ligi M, Bonatti E, Bosworth W, Cai Y, Cipriani A, Palmiotto C, Ronca S, Seyler M. 2018. Birth of an ocean in the Red Sea:oceanic-type basaltic melt intrusions precede continental rupture. Gondwana Research, 54:150-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.11.002.
Lin J, Li J B, Xu Y G, Sun Z, Xia S H, Huang X L, Xie X N, Li C F, Ding W W, Zhou Z Y, Zhang F, Luo Y M. 2019. Ocean drilling and major advances in marine geological and geophysical research of the South China Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 41(10):125-140, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-4193.2019.10.009. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Lü C C, Hao T Y, Lin J, Qiu X L. 2017. The role of rifting in the development of the continental margins of the southwest subbasin, South China Sea:insights from an OBS experiment. Marine Geophysical Research, 38(1-2):105-123, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-016-9295-y.
Lu K Z, Zhu X M, Qi J F. 2001. Analysis of Petroliferous Basins. China University of Petroleum Press, Dongying. (in Chinese)
Ma Y B, Wu S G, Lv F L, Dong D D, Sun Q L, Lu Y T, Gu M F. 2011. Seismic characteristics and development of the Xisha carbonate platforms, northern margin of the South China Sea. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40(3):770-783, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.11.003.
Mao Y H, Zhao Z X, Sun Z. 2020. Extensional thinning mechanism of the western continental margin of the Pearl River mouth basin. Earth Science, 45(5):1 622-1 635, https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2019.160. (in Chinese with English abstract)
McKenzie D. 1978. Some remarks on the development of sedimentary basins. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 40(1):25-32, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90071-7.
Pichot T, Delescluse M, Chamot-Rooke N, Pubellier M, Qiu Y, Meresse F, Sun G, Savva D, Wong K P, Watremez L, Auxiètre J L. 2014. Deep crustal structure of the conjugate margins of the SW South China Sea from wide-angle refraction seismic data. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58:627-643, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.10.008.
Qiu N, Wang Z W, Wang Z F, Sun Z P, Sun Z, Zhou D. 2014. Tectonostratigraphic structure and crustal extension of the Qiongdongnan basin, northern South China Sea. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 57(10):3 189-3 207. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Qiu X L, Zhao M H, Ao W, Lü C C, Hao T Y, You Q Y, Ruan A G, Li J B. 2011. OBS survey and crustal structure of the Southwest Sub-basin and Nansha Block, South China Sea. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(12):3 117-3 128, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.12.012. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Roger Buck W. 1986. Small-scale convection induced by passive rifting:the cause for uplift of rift shoulders. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 77(3-4):362-372, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(86)90146-9.
Ros E, Pérez-Gussinyé M, Araújo M, Thoaldo Romeiro M, Andrés-Martínez M, Morgan J P. 2017. Lower crustal strength controls on melting and serpentinization at magma-poor margins:potential implications for the south Atlantic. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18(12):4 538-4 557, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gc007212.
Royden L, Keen C E. 1980. Rifting process and thermal evolution of the continental margin of Eastern Canada determined from subsidence curves. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 51(2):343-361, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90216-2.
Ruan A G, Niu X W, Qiu X L, Li J B, Wu Z L, Zhao M H, Wei X D. 2011. A wide angle Ocean Bottom Seismometer profile across Liyue Bank, the southern margin of South China Sea. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(12):3 139-3 149, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.12.014. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Savva D, Meresse F, Pubellier M, Chamot-Rooke N, Lavier L, Po K W, Franke D, Steuer S, Sapin F, Auxietre J L, Lamy G. 2013. Seismic evidence of hyper-stretched crust and mantle exhumation offshore Vietnam. Tectonophysics, 608:72-83, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.07.010.
Sclater J G, Christie P A F. 1980. Continental stretching:an explanation of the Post-Mid-Cretaceous subsidence of the central North Sea Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research, 85(B7):3 711-3 739, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB07p03711.
Shi X B, Burov E, Leroy S, Qiu X L, Xia B. 2005. Intrusion and its implication for subsidence:a case from the Baiyun Sag, on the northern margin of the South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 407(1-2):117-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.07.004.
Shi X B, Jiang H Y, Yang J, Yang X Q, Xu H H. 2017. Models of the rapid post-rift subsidence in the eastern Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea:implications for the development of the deep thermal anomaly. Basin Research, 29(3):340-362, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12179.
Sibuet J, Yeh Y, Lee C. 2016. Geodynamics of the South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 692:98-119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.02.022
Smith W H F, Sandwell D T. 1997. Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science, 277(5334):1 956-1 962, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5334.1956.
Steckler M S, Watts A B. 1978. Subsidence of the Atlantic-type continental margin off New York. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 41(1):1-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(78)90036-5.
Steckler M S. 1985. Uplift and extension at the Gulf of Suez:indications of induced mantle convection. Nature, 317(6033):135-139, https://doi.org/10.1038/317135a0.
Steuer S, Franke D, Meresse F, Savva D, Pubellier M, Auxietre J L. 2014. Oligocene-Miocene carbonates and their role for constraining the rifting and collision history of the Dangerous Grounds, South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 58:644-657, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2013.12.010.
Sun Z, Lin J, Qiu N, Jian Z M, Wang P X, Pang X. 2019. The role of magmatism in the thinning and breakup of the South China Sea continental margin:special Topic:the South China Sea Ocean Drilling. National Science Review, 6(5):871-876, https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz116.
Sun Z, Zhao Z X, Li J B, Zhou D, Wang Z W. 2011. Tectonic analysis of the breakup and bollision unconformities in the Nansha block. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(6):1 069-1 083, https://doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.1685.
Taylor B, Hayes D E. 1980. The tectonic evolution of the South China Basin. In:Hayes D E ed. The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands. American Geophysical Union, Washington. p.89-104, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM023p0089.
Taylor B, Hayes D E. 1983. Origin and history of the South China Sea basin. In:Hayes D E ed. The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asian Seas and Islands:Part 2. American Geophysical Union, Washington. p.23-56, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM027p0023.
ter Voorde M, van Balen R T, Bertotti G, Cloetingh S A P L. 1998. The influence of a stratified rheology on the flexural response of the lithosphere to (un)loading by extensional faulting. Geophysical Journal International, 134(3):721-735, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00629.x.
Tugend J, Manatschal G, Kusznir N J. 2015. Spatial and temporal evolution of hyperextended rift systems:implication for the nature, kinematics, and timing of the Iberian-European plate boundary. Geology, 43(1):15-18, https://doi.org/10.1130/g36072.1.
Wang J Y. 2015. Geothermics and Its Applications. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
Wei X D, Ruan A G, Zhao M H, Qiu X L, Li J B, Zhu J J, Wu Z L, Ding W W. 2011. A wide-angle OBS profile across Dongsha uplift and Chaoshan depression in the midnorthern South China Sea. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 54(12):3 325-3 335, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.12.030. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu S G, Yuan S Q, Zhang G C, Ma Y B, Mi L J, Xu N. 2009. Seismic characteristics of a reef carbonate reservoir and implications for hydrocarbon exploration in deepwater of the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26(6):817-823, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.04.008.
Xie H, Zhou D, Li Y P, Pang X, Li P C, Chen G H, Li F C, Cao J H. 2014. Cenozoic tectonic subsidence in deepwater sags in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea. Tectonophysics, 615-616:182-198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.01.010.
Xie X N, Müller R D, Li S T, Gong Z S, Steinberger B. 2006. Origin of anomalous subsidence along the Northern South China Sea margin and its relationship to dynamic topography. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 23(7):745-765, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2006.03.004.
Yuan S Q. 2009. Sedimentary System of Deepwater Channel, the Slope Area of Northern South China Sea. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao. 121p. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zeng Z X, Fan G M. 2008. Structural Geology. 3rd edn. China University of Geosciences Press, Wuhan. 226p. (in Chinese)
Zhang G C, Mi L J, Wu S G, Tao W X, He S B, Lü J J. 2007. Deepwater area-the new prospecting targets of northern continental margin of South China Sea. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 28(2):15-21. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang G C, Qu H J, Liu S Q, Xie X J, Zhao Z, Shen H L. 2015. Tectonic cycle of marginal sea controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation in deep-water areas of South China Sea. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 36(5):533-545, https://doi.org/10.7623/syxb201505002. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang G C, Zhu W L, Mi L J. 2010. The Theory of Hydrocarbon Genernation Controlled by Source Rock and Heat from Circle Distribution of Outside-oil Fields and Inside-gas Fields in South China Sea. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 28(5):987-1 005, https://doi.org/10.14027/j.cnki.cjxb.2010.05.017. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang G C. 2010. Tectonic evolution of deepwater area of northern continental margin in South China Sea. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 31(4):528-533, 541. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhao Z X, Sun Z, Chen G H, Zhang Y F. 2011. Cenozoic structural characteristics and subsidence evolution in Nansha. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geoscience, 36(5):815-822, https://doi.org/10.3799/dqkx.2011.084. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhao Z X, Sun Z, Liu J B, Pérez-Gussinyé M, Zhuo H T. 2018a. The continental extension discrepancy and anomalous subsidence pattern in the western Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 501:180-191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.048.
Zhao Z X, Sun Z, Sun L T, Wang Z F, Sun Z P. 2018b. Cenozoic tectonic subsidence in the Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea. Basin Research, 30(S1):269-288, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12220.
Zhao Z X, Sun Z, Wang Z W, Sun Z P, Liu J B, Wang Z W, Sun L T. 2013. The dynamic mechanism of post-rift accelerated subsidence in Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea. Marine Geophysical Research, 34(3-4):295-308, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-013-9188-2.
Zhou Z Y, Li C F. 2008. Continental Margin Tectonics and Geodynamics. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
Copyright © Haiyang Xuebao